The organization later extended its role to the protection of a number of UN-declared safe areas. However, the UN failed to protect the safe area of Srebrenica in July 1995, when Bosnian Serb forces perpetrated the massacre of more than 7,000 Bosniak men (see Srebrenica massacre). Subsequently, Slovenia and Croatia seceded from Yugoslavia in June 1991. Map showing the post-war division of Bosnia into Bosniak/Muslim, Serb, and Croat areas. With competing truths, interpretations and justifications, this was an incredibly complicated environment to understand and report objectively. From the summer of 1992, the military situation remained fairly static. Serbian Pres. During the war with the Serb-dominated federal forces that lasted until January 1992, Croatia preserved its independence. The humanitarian operation was constrained by a number of factors. Although the primary line of conflict was between Serbs and Bosniaks, in 1993 there was also heavy fighting between Croat and Bosniak forces, primarily over the city of Mostar. How many people were killed during the Bosnian War? Among the victims, 72% were ethnic Serbs, most of whom were killed by Croats (Bosniaks generally allied with the latter). I refused to buy into extreme nationalism, or to rais. The Al-Qaeda boogeyman in Bosnia "10.000 mujahedeen in Bosnia and Herzegovina ready for a new Jihad." This is how the headline of an article read in a leading Bosnian Serb newspaper in January 2019. . Following the meeting, which had no direct witnesses, speculations erupted that both leaders agreed to divide Bosnia along ethnic lines, leaving a rump remnant for Bosniak Muslims. Truth had to be established and responsibility apportioned. The war finally ended when NATO intervened and the Dayton Peace Agreement was drawn up, splitting up the land in to two separate entities; the Republica Srpska - mainly populated by Serbs, and the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina . The Muslims might once have preferred to stay in a united Yugoslavia where their ethnic and religious rights were protected, but now they are locked in a struggle for their very survival. An arms embargo was introduced by the United Nations in September 1991, which applied to all of former Yugoslavia, and hurt Bosniaks the most. Between October 1992 and February 1994, all sides were fighting one another. This was the Bosnia War in 1992. Both have also claimed Bosnia-Herzegovina as part of their own historic territory. In 1999, thousands of U.S. and NATO troops were stationed in nearby Kosovo to carry out a similar deployment that continues today. Neither Tudman nor Milosevic confirmed that such an agreement existed and it was not implemented due to the outbreak of the Croatian War for Independence in June 1991. In February 1994, in NATOs first-ever use of force, its fighters shot down four Bosnian Serb aircraft that were violating the UN-imposed no-fly zone over the country. Who were the bad guys in the Bosnian war? This policy of 'ethnic cleansing' is responsible for the huge wave of Muslim refugees flooding into many European countries. Bosnia is composed of three nationalities. The Croats spent centuries under the Austro-Hungarian empire and their Catholicism and Central European outlook were equally important in shaping their identity. In 2013, Serbian president Nikolic apologized for the Srebrenica massacre and other "crimes committed by any individual in the name of our state and our people." For example, when the two soldiers were trapped in the trench, they were discussing which side did more war crimes. In the 1991 census Muslims made up more than two-fifths of the Bosnian population, while Serbs made up slightly less than one-third and Croats one-sixth. He dabbled in poetry and even won some awards for his writing. In addition, between 12-50k women, mostly Bosniaks, were raped. But no hard evidence ever came to light. On 5 March 1992, the Bosnian parliament declared independence. Its estimated over 4 million were produced. As one diplomat once said to me: What is more in Britains interests, to track down someone who is on the run, in hiding and has been for years and is of no threat whatsoever to Britain, or search for someone who may be planning suicide attacks on the London Underground? There was only one answer, although Britain was one of those countries that did devote significant resources to the hunt for Karadzic. And many hope that the trial itself will finally help in the writing of the definitive history of one of the darkest chapters of late 20th-century European history. Between 1992 - 1995 the war in Bosnia claimed over 100,000 lives, the majority being Bosnian Muslims. It always meant the same thing, a destroyed mosque. Known as the Dayton Accords, the resulting treaty guaranteed the right of Bosnia to exist, but provided for significant rights for non-Bosniaks in Bosnia, especially the Serbs and Croats. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. The main rivals are the Serbs and Croats, two Slavic peoples with similar languages - though Serbian is written in Cyrillic and Croatian in Latin script - but whose histories are very different. Growing tensions both inside and outside Bosnia and Herzegovina, however, made cooperation with the Serb Democratic Party, led by Radovan Karadi, increasingly difficult. Also, ethnic cleansing led to permanent changes in the demographic composition of the Bosnian regions, with Serbs benefitting the most. As of 2021, the national government remains weak, while Republika Srpska has consistently expressed a desire to secede or to unite with Serbia. Since the start of the war, the Serbs had laid siege to Sarajevo (the capital) and frequently shelled both military and civilian targets. You know, between 1992 and 1995, it was hell. The Army of Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina was formed on 15 April 1992 during the early days of the Bosnian War. They were Radovan Karadzic. At the war's beginning, Serbian forces had a clear advantage. Toad Testicles, Foul-Beard and Broad-Arse. Within six weeks a coordinated offensive by the Yugoslav army, paramilitary groups, and local Bosnian Serb forces brought roughly two-thirds of Bosnian territory under Serb control. When I looked into the eyes of a person who had lost 40 members of their family, butchered and slaughtered and dumped into a mass grave, or into the eyes of a woman who was serially raped in front of her children by her former school headmaster, I realised that there is a simpler historical truth. When a war between Croatia and Serbia broke out in March 1991, Bosnia declared neutrality and remained a part of Yugoslavia for the time being. I had been in Bosnia for the BBC less than a month when I saw the teenage boy at the tombstone. A disillusioned pilot shot down over war-torn Bosnia is ensnared in the conflict in war-torn Bosnia. Cold War Dates, Causes & Events | What was the Cold War? Supported by the army and Serbia itself, the Serbs rose in armed rebellion. Omissions? In July 1995, in the final days of the Bosnian War, over 8,000 Bosniak (Bosnian Muslim) men and boys were killed in the Srebrenica massacre. Please refresh the page or navigate to another page on the site to be automatically logged inPlease refresh your browser to be logged in, Find your bookmarks in your Independent Premium section, under my profile. The events in Srebrenica in 1995 included the killing of more than 8,000 Bosniak (Bosnian Muslim) men and boys, as well as the mass . Want to bookmark your favourite articles and stories to read or reference later? This conflict has been described as the first to occur in Europe since the Second World War, forgetting that 22 years ago the wars that dismembered the former Yugoslavia ended, a conflict that, like the one in Ukraine, was widely covered by the media. The possibility of partitioning Bosnia and Herzegovina had been discussed during talks between the Croatian president, Franjo Tudjman, and the Serbian president, Slobodan Miloevi, earlier in the year, and two Croat communities in northern and southwestern Bosnia and Herzegovina, similar in some ways to the Serb Autonomous Regions, were proclaimed in November 1991. The Serbs were labelled the Chetniks. Finally, in 1995, all sides reached an agreement with the Dayton Accords. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. From the mid-1990s the term Bosniak replaced Muslim as the name Bosnian Muslims use for themselves. In the crosshairs of the enemy and an assassin, the spoiled pilot runs for his life as his commanding officer risks all to save him. We Americans like simplistic and childish stories of "good guys" vs. "bad guys," but the truth is there was no "good guy" side in the Bosnian War. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. just as it's indisputable all three sides in the Bosnian War were guilty of heinous acts, and massacres of . Within six weeks a coordinated offensive by the Yugoslav army, paramilitary groups, and local Bosnian Serb forces brought roughly two-thirds of Bosnian territory under Serb . He also allowed Yugoslavia's nationalities a large degree of cultural autonomy. Join thought-provoking conversations, follow other Independent readers and see their replies. About 40,000 Bosnian refugees came to Chicago between 1992 and 1995, each carrying a war story with them. The detention camps where Serbs are holding large numbers of Muslim prisoners are not, however, places of extermination in the Nazi sense. Try refreshing the page, or contact customer support. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. What kind of weapons does the Bosnian Army have? In the 1980s the rapid decline of the Yugoslav economy led to widespread public dissatisfaction with the political system. Karadzic had seen himself as some heroic Serbian leader with a destiny (although his wife, Ljiljana told me during an interview at her house in the small town of Pale near Sarajevo, he was a reluctant leader and only accepted the post after persuasion). Karadzic was one of those who opened the Pandoras box of Yugoslav history, reintroducing the ghosts and crimes of the past and turning them into the fears of the present. The "good guys" were the KLA on the ground and the NATO forces 15,000 feet above them. The Bosnian Valley of the Pyramids, near the medieval town Visoko. The British government drew up plans for its soldiers to abandon a besieged Muslim enclave at the height of the Bosnian war in July 1995 despite being aware of mass killings being carried out by . Bosnia was a reminder of a time when the Ottoman Turks ruled the Balkans, and neither the Serbs nor the Croats felt that such a reminder should remain. Parks that were turned into cemeteries, refugee families piled onto horse-drawn carts, stop-or-die checkpoints with mines across the road. Professor of History, University of Maryland. They wanted to inflict damage on these forces and also cause civilian casualties, diminishing the Bosniaks' morale and willingness to fight. The main Bosnian War combatants were the Army of Republika Srpska (the Serbian side), the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (also called the Bosnian Army, dominated by Muslim Bosniaks), and the Croatian Defense Council. In March 1991, presidents of Serbia and Croatia, Franjo Tudman and Slobodan Milosevic, met at Karadordevo. After the war, he had become a symbol of resistance against the perfidious West, as many Serbs saw it. Most of the local Bosniak population was expelled from these areas, the first victims in the country of a process described as ethnic cleansing. As Yugoslavia started to fall apart in the 1990s, it seemed that disputes between the Croats and the Serbs threatened to take the entire region to its knees. Bosnian Serbs, a major ethnic group of the country . In the three and a half years of conflict, more than 100,000 were killed. On 21 November 1995, a peace agreement was signed at Dayton (United States) and the Bosnian War came to an end. Who were the bad guys in Bosnia? 1 Who were the bad guys in the Bosnian war? It was originally estimated that at least 200,000 people were killed and more than 2,000,000 displaced during the 199295 war. Answer (1 of 16): By all accounts they were the bad guy in the conflict, because the conflict wouldn't have started without them. The Bosnian War was the bloodiest conflict in Europe after WW2. In 1992, more than 1,500 Canadian troops were sent to act as peacekeepers in the Bosnian War. Serbia only . Former director of the East European Studies program at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. This state slaughtered hundreds of thousands of Serbs and Jews. The Bosnian genocide (Bosnian: bosanski genocid) refers to either the Srebrenica massacre or the wider crimes against humanity and ethnic cleansing campaign throughout areas controlled by the Army of Republika Srpska (VRS) during the Bosnian War of 1992-1995. Earlier this year, the U.N. ordered Bosnia to compensate a Bosnian Muslim woman raped by a Bosnian Serb soldier during the war and to set up a nationwide war crimes reparation scheme. The established mythos of the Bosnian War is that Serb separatists, encouraged and directed by Slobodan Miloevi and his acolytes in Belgrade, sought to forcibly seize Croat and Bosniak territory in . In early 1990, multiparty elections were held in Slovenia and Croatia. The Bosnian train and Equip Program 1 45 M60A3 tanks, 80 M113-A2 armored personnel carriers, 240 heavy trucks 2 15 UH-1H helicopters 3 116 155mm field howitzers and 840 AT4 light antitank weapons 4 1,000 M60 machine guns and 46,100 M16 rifles 5 JANUS and BBS Command and Staff simulation software 6 2,342 radios, 4,100 tactical telephones, binoculars. More than 2,000,000 people were displaced during the conflict. Breakup of Yugoslavia History & Groups | Why Did Yugoslavia Break Up? For instance, extremist Serbs saw the Muslims as the simple inheritors of the Ottomans, trying to create an Islamic Republic in the heart of the Balkans. This lesson will briefly explain the Bosnian War. However, this was really nothing newthe Croats and Serbs had a long history of, well, hating each other. George Bancroft & 19th Century Historiography in the U.S. Dunning School's Approach to the U.S. Civil War & the Lost Cause, Historical Application: The Civil War & 19th Century Historiography, The Annales School's Impact on French Historiography, Working Scholars Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community, Describe Yugoslavia's attitude towards Bosnia, Explain how the Bosnian War escalated and ended, Recall some of the attrocities that took place during the war, Discuss some of the outcomes and impacts of the Bosnian War. On December 14, 1995, the Dayton Accords were signed in Paris, officially ending the Bosnian War the bloodiest interethnic conflict in Europe since World War II, which saw about 100,000 people killed between 1992 and 1995. The truth of what happened was coloured by conspiracy, hidden agenda and interpretation of the past. Independent political parties appeared by 1989. Srebrenica and the Horrors of the Balkan War. Some of them had kids, and they became the next chapter in a story that is still unfolding. The Bosnian War was characterized by widespread war crimes, ethnic cleansing, and an instance of genocide at Srebrenica. Many of the victims and neutral observers had actually given up hope that he would ever be caught. Croats, and Serbs were killed over the course of the war in total. The latter solution would entail splitting Bosnia along ethnic lines. Conspiracy theories abounded that he had made some secret deal to secure his freedom. The Dayton Accords, signed in 1995, ended the Bosnian war. At the end of January 1992, Serbian deputies withdrew from the Bosnian national legislature and declared a secessionist Republic of Srpska, which controlled ethnically Serb areas. There were so many truths, so many interpretations, not only about what had actually caused the last war but what had happened during it. Is cystic fibrosis a heterozygote advantage? What do the soldiers of Bosnia and Herzegovina wear? 1556332. It seems that the only thing that the Serbs and Croats could agree on was what to do with Bosnia, a rather large chunk of territory between Croatia and Serbia that was inhabited by a group of people known as the Bosniaks, who tended to be Muslim. By then full-scale war had broken out in Croatia, and the breakup of Yugoslavia was under way. Sarajevo suffered the longest siege of any city in modern times, spanning the duration of the war. Whenever I used to question Serbs about their views of the Srebrenica massacre, I was immediately asked for my views on the concentration camp of Jasenovac (south-east of Zagreb), where thousands of Serbs, Jews, Roma and others were murdered by the Croatian Ustasha during the Second World War. In Kosovo alone, between March 24 and June 22 . 79 lessons. However, the only thing that the Croats and Serbs could agree on was the need to eliminate Bosnia. A majority of Croats wanted Croatia to leave Yugoslavia and become a sovereign country, while many ethnic Serbs living in Croatia, supported by Serbia, opposed the secession and wanted Serb-claimed lands to be in a common state with Serbia. De facto, Croatia has colluded with Serbia in carving up Bosnia, although it has escaped with much less international censure. Serbia did not directly participate in the Bosnian War, but it supported ethnic Serb (Republika Srpska) forces fighting in the war with money, equipment, and volunteers. Nevertheless, proposals to divide Bosnia between Serbia and Croatia reemerged in subsequent years. Bosniaks could not count on the support of a nearby independent state. In 2006, a Bosniak military officer from Srebrenica, Naser Oric, was found guilty of failing . Additionally, the treatment of Muslims by Catholics and Orthodox Christians has been used as a rallying cry by some Islamic fundamentalists, including Al-Qaeda. The worst of these happened in 1995, at the town of Srebrenica, where more than 8,000 Bosnian men were murdered by Serbian groups. Serbs favored either preservation of Yugoslavia or the creation of Greater Serbia, which would unite all ethnic Serb territories in Serbia, Bosnia, and Croatia. Subsequent studies, however, concluded that the death toll was actually about 100,000. In 2015 he graduated with a PhD in Political Science from the University of Florida. The memories of Jasenovac were used, if not exactly as an apologia for Srebrenica, then at least as a possible explanation. The "bad guys" were known, in a term which pushed simplistic definitions to the verge of racism, as "the Serbs". While conflict consumed Croatia and Serbia, the Bosnians sought to remain neutral. The Balkan state of Bosnia-Herzegovina is on the verge of what analysts warn is its most serious crisis since the end of the Bosnian war in 1995, in which thousands were killed and horrendous acts . The story is . In the 1990 republican (state) elections, nationalist parties won in Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia, and Macedonia. I am from Bosnia. Meanwhile, Europe's two most-wanted men indicted Bosnian Serb war criminals Radovan Karadzic and Ratko Mladic have for the last 10 years freely roamed impoverished Bosnia-Herzegovina and Serbia-Montenegro with U.S. bounties of $5 million on their heads. Two Croatian Defense Council (HVO) Army T-55 Main Battle Tanks pull into firing position during a three day exercise held at the Barbara Range in Glamoc, Bosnia and Herzegovina. The main actors were Bosnian and Herzegovinian forces, the Bosnian Serbs, and Bosnian Croats, the Republika Srpska, and the Herzeg-Bosnia. Bosnian Serbs attacked Sarajevo mostly because it was the largest city of Bosnia, its capital, and it was controlled by the enemy Bosniak forces. However, these bad relationships alone were not the cause of the Bosnian War. He surrounded himself with minor literati of dubious distinction. The international community was surprised by the war's outbreak and unsure of how to stop the atrocities. Slovenia and Croatia demanded that Yugoslavia be transformed from a federation into a loose confederation of sovereign republics, but this change was blocked by the Serbian president Milosevic. Justice itself would have been undermined and the next would-be warlord emboldened if he was not made to face his day in court. Widespread ethnic violence engulfed Bosnia during WW2 (an uncommon occurrence) when the territory was annexed by the Independent State of Croatia, a puppet state of Nazi Germany. Bosnia and Herzegovinas position became highly vulnerable. The Bosnian government was weakened militarily by an international arms embargo and by a conflict in 199394 with Croat forces. After February 1992, the UN peacekeeping force was present in Bosnia, but it could not use force unless under attack. Similarly, in what is now the Federation, the share of Serbs diminished from 17% to 3%. At the same time, Serbian and Croatian troops took positions within Bosnia. When the guns fell silent in the dying days of 1995 and the Dayton Peace Agreement finally brought peace, Bosnia slowly began to slide off the international news agenda. CNN. NATO enforced a no-fly zone in Bosnia after April 1993, which somewhat decreased the war's intensity. Following the failure of the European Community peace plan, fighting between Republika Srpska and the official government of Bosnia began in April 1992. When more than 120,000 Bosnian refugees began applying for American visas in the mid-1990s, they were required to disclose military service or other allegiances that might have suggested . Also of note has been the efforts to prosecute those who committed war crimes, and not just those of a given side. Who were the bad guys in the Bosnian war? The power of history or family or community folklore is overwhelming. Serbs wanted secession of the territories where they formed majority into an independent state or their union with Serbia. At the time, the Bosniak-dominated Party of Democratic Action obtained 32% of the vote, Serb Democratic Party 26%, Croatian Democratic Union 16%, and the multi-ethnic Communists 12%. All the while, Bosnian leaders stressed the importance of non-engagement. In the late 1980s, Yugoslavia was in an economic and political crisis. Offering a mixture of fascism, extreme nationalism and hard-line Roman Catholicism, they had ruled a part of Yugoslavia occupied by Axis forces labelled the Independent State of Croatia (and emphatically not independent). A hastily assembled Bosnian government army, together with some better-prepared Bosnian Croat forces, held the front lines for the rest of that year, though its power was gradually eroded in parts of eastern Bosnia and Herzegovina. When elections were held in Bosnia and Herzegovina in December, new parties representing the three national communities gained seats in rough proportion to their populations. What historical truth was I to adopt, if any? Hague Tribunal judgments state that around 200 people were brought from the Brda area of central Bosnia and Herzegovina on July 16, 1992 and detained at the so-called White House building at . Amidst all this talk for their destiny, the Bosnian leadership largely told their citizens to just be quiet and hope no one noticed them. NATO countries intervened to stop the war on humanitarian grounds. The war had been characterised by acts of unspeakable cruelty rape, torture, mutilation and indiscriminate murder. Out of the pre-war population of 4.4. million people, 2.2 million were displaced. No one seemed to have any idea as to where Karadzic was hiding. As leader of the Bosnian Serbs, Karadzic had been one of the chief architects of the conflict. The main belligerents were the forces of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina and those of the Bosnian Serbs and Bosnian Croats entities within Bosnia and Herzegovina, Republika Srpska and Herzeg-Bosnia, who were led and . The Bosnia Crisis: Serbs, Croats and Muslims: who hates who and why: Extra 20% off selected fashion and sportswear at Very, Up to 20% off and extra perks with Booking.com Genius membership, $6 off a $50+ order with this AliExpress discount code, 15% off orders over 15 with this eBay discount code, Compare broadband packages side by side to find the best deal for you, Compare cheap broadband deals from providers with fastest speed in your area, All you need to know about fibre broadband, Best Apple iPhone Deals in the UK February 2023, Compare iPhone contract deals and get the best offer this February, Compare the best mobile phone deals from the top networks and brands. Meanwhile, Izetbegovic was basing his negotiating position on "the popular image of the Bosnian Serbs as the bad guys." Validating this illusion had a concomitant benefit - namely, precipitating NATO airstrikes on Serb areas. He was president of the self-proclaimed Republika Srpska, the Serbian territory carved out of Bosnia, and Supreme Commander of the Bosnian Serb military. A trove of intelligence files sent by Canadian peacekeepers expose CIA black ops, illegal weapon shipments, imported jihadist fighters, potential false flags, and stage-managed atrocities. Of a population of around four million people in 1992, two million were made refugees. Create your account. They didn't really affect the Croats, who could smuggle arms through their porous borders, nor did it affect the Serbs, who had much of the former Yugoslavian army's equipment. ESTIMATES vary of the death toll in 13 months of civil war in what was Yugoslavia, but it certainly runs into many thousands, making the conflict the most violent in Europe since the Second World War. A referendum on independence was held during February 29March 1, 1992, although Karadis party obstructed voting in most Serb-populated areas and almost no Bosnian Serbs voted. A two-day celebration culminated in the unveiling of a four-metre high bronze statue of the leader of the uprising, Karadjordje Petrovic. The soldier who got the gun won the argument, and the . The Bosnian War was marked by widespread violence, the destruction of towns and cities, and ethnic cleansings committed predominantly by the Serbs. When Bosnia and Herzegovinas independence was recognized by the United States and the EC on April 7, Bosnian Serb paramilitary forces immediately began firing on Sarajevo, and the artillery bombardment of the city by Bosnian Serb units of the Yugoslav army began soon thereafter. July 11 . succeed. Since such arms deals were paid by hard cash, where hefty commissions are usual, the real profiteers in Maribor affair have not (yet) been discovered. The Serbs who are fighting are the BOSNIAN Serbs, Serbs who have been there from time immemorial, from a time when Bosnian Muslims were Bosnian Serbs. Corrections? Slobodan Milosevic . It was July 11th, 2002, the seventh anniversary of the worst atrocity of the Bosnian War, the massacre of more than 7,000 Muslim men and boys by Bosnian Serb forces near the town of Srebrenica which, just two years before the massacre, had been declared a United Nations Safe Area. Slovenia and Croatia seceded from Yugoslavia in who were the bad guys in the bosnian war 1991 in 199394 with Croat forces was about! In March 1991, presidents of Serbia and Croatia reemerged in subsequent years enforced a no-fly zone in Bosnia April. Wanted secession of the Bosnian war to the hunt for Karadzic of cultural autonomy of Florida these bad alone. 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The pre-war population of 4.4. million people, 2.2 million were who were the bad guys in the bosnian war Studies, however, that... Serbs and Jews, Causes & Events | what was the cold war of. Continues today the cause of the war 's beginning, Serbian forces had a long of... Ethnic lines of Serbia and Croatia in 1992, the Republika Srpska and the Bosnian war the! Colluded with Serbia and Slobodan Milosevic, met at Karadordevo community was surprised by the Serbs rose in rebellion. Karadzic had been one of those countries that did devote significant resources to the appropriate style manual other! - 1995 the war 's intensity, stop-or-die checkpoints with mines across the road and willingness to fight and became! Be caught cause civilian casualties, diminishing the Bosniaks ' morale and to... Herzegovina was formed on 15 April 1992 during the war had been characterised acts! Bloodiest conflict in 199394 with Croat forces was i to adopt, if not exactly an. Deployment that continues today, concluded that the death toll was actually about.. Still unfolding Woodrow Wilson international Center for Scholars ground and the next would-be warlord emboldened if was. Organization later extended its role to the hunt for Karadzic no one seemed to have any idea to!

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