Discoverfascinatingfacts about Aztec life. Masters Thesis, University of California, Los Angeles, 1993. This anonymous manuscript has commonly been attributed to Motolina, although it is not clear who its author was. Daz del Castillo, Bernal. Does not circulate - request at Special Collections reception desk. Underestim ates the innovation of the Mexicas. (177) $4.00. Berlin: Druck von Gebr. You have come to your city, Mexico. n.d. An Aztec Herbal: The Classic Codex of 1552. Robertson, Donald. "Sightings: Initial Nahua Reactions to Spanish Culture." Too general to be of much use except for his account of the massacre in Cholula. The origin of the Aztec people is uncertain, but elements of their own tradition suggest that they were a tribe of hunters and gatherers on the northern Mexican plateau before their appearance in Mesoamerica in perhaps the 12th century ce; Aztln, however, may be legendary. He was also reacting against an account published by Cortss secretary, Francisco Lpez de Gmara, who published an account that seemed to give Corts all of the credit for the conquest. Authorities in New Spain confiscated his manuscripts in 1575, and at various times, the Spanish monarchy ordered him to stop his work. Aztec Religion Sources Source: https://pixabay.com/photos/pyramid-mexico-the-ruins-of-the-1093924/ Source 1 "Indeed, hardly a day passed by that [the Aztec] did not sacrifice from three to four, and even five [people], tearing the hearts out of their bodies, to present them to the gods and smear the blood on the walls of the temple. Others, especially in the south and what is now Central America, spoke various dialects of Mayan. A brief, but useful biography of Father Sahagn. Though she teaches with the painting of a contemporary artist, the authors discussion of how to teach using Santa Barrazas La Malinche (1992) is an excellent introduction to teaching visual literacy and multicultural sensitivity. Murray, Janet H. Hamlet on the Holodeck: The Future of Narrative in Cyberspace. The technical storage or access is necessary for the legitimate purpose of storing preferences that are not requested by the subscriber or user. Occasionally used for clarification but not included in the on-line documents. 10. By Alfredo Chaverro. Learn about how the Aztecs excelled at farming and agriculture, and what made them such good warriors . Mxico: Editorial Nueva Imagen, 1978. Brooks, Francis J. Cdice Florentino. The Catholic Encyclopiedia. Change region, COUNTRY*AustraliaIrelandNew ZealandUnited KingdomOther. Muoz Camargo, Diego de. Maya Conquistador. There are only a handful of primary sources available on the conquest of Mexico, and all of them are tainted in at least some ways. Mesoamerican Writing Systems: Propaganda, Myth, and History in Four Ancient Civilizations. Raises interesting issues of translation, interpretation, and adaptability when confronting something entirely new: horses, customs, weapons, ideas, and language. [htttp://www.library.uiuc.edu/mdx/malintzin.htm (6-13-2000)]. Edited by John Foster Kirk. Hassler, Peter. The Spaniards hanged a chief from Acolhuacan named Nezahualquentzin. This indigenous population is usually, but wrongly, referred to as the Aztecs. How did the Aztecs live? In other words, just because a manuscript was written in Nahuatl does not necessarily mean that it represented the Mexica point of view, itself an enormous insight into the complex politics of pre-colonial Mexico. Restall, Matthew. There they built a temple and, around it, on islands in Lake Texcoco, the first dwellings of what was to become the powerful city of Tenochtitln. [My translation]. "The primary sources feature artifacts such as the Inca quipu, or knotted counting cords, the Maya sacred calendar, and the Aztec Sun Stone. [http://www.hist.umn.edu/~mccaa/vircatas/virtab3.htm (6-14-2000)]. In Implicit Understandings: Observing, Reporting, and Reflecting on the Encounters between Europeans and Other Peoples in the Early Modern Era, edited by Stuart B. Schwartz. [http://www.hist.umn.edu/~mccaa/vircatas/vir6.htm (6-13-2000)]. Aztec Primary Sources intend to use both primary and secondary sources. This book just appeared as I was finishing this project. It often only provides one or two pages, but it is often enough to find quotes and bibliographical details. Eighth Edition. [See, Histoire de la nation mexicaine]. We are currently working to bring specifically tailored curriculum resource links for our other territories; includingSouth Africa,AustraliaandNew Zealand. According to Mexica mytho-historical textual sources (written down in the early colonial period), they finally witnessed the sign on an island in the middle of Lake Texcoco in the year 1325. . Although this book was originally written in the late sixteenth century, it is extremely useful in understanding the documents from Tlaxcala. 36 (Summer 1995): 218-232. Be sure to check if your parent or guardian is okay with this first. Appendix A: Survey Development and Methodology, Appendix B: Survey Instrument and Topline Results, Directory of History Departments and Organizations, Resources for Globalizing the US History Survey, Resources for Tuning the History Discipline, The Decision to Secede and Establish the Confederacy: A Selection of Primary Sources, Plagiarism: Curricular Materials for History Instructors, Annual Texas Conference on Introductory History Courses, Resources from the 2015 Texas Conference on Introductory History Courses, Resources from the 2016 Texas Conference on Introductory Courses, 2017 Texas Conference on Introductory Courses, 2018 Texas Conference on Introductory History Courses, 2019 Texas Conference on Introductory History Courses, 2020 Texas Conference on Introductory History Courses, 2021 Texas Conference on Introductory History Courses, 2022 Texas Conference on Introductory History Courses, Resources for Getting Started in Digital History, Evaluation of Digital Scholarship in History, Project Roles and a Consideration of Process and Product, Extending the Reach of Scholarly Society Work to HBCU Faculty, Final Report on Extending the Reach of Scholarly Society Work to HBCU Faculty, Mapping the Landscape of Secondary US History Education, Resources for Students and Early Career Professionals, Resources for Job Candidates and Search Committees. English Translations of Nahuatl Words Used in the Codex. The following information for mapping the resource documents to the school curriculum isspecifically tailored to theEnglish National CurriculumandScottish Curriculum for Excellence. A Codex that was originally . WEB Spanish Conquest of Native America; [At floridahistory] ; Aztec Accounts of the Conquest of Mexico, 1519 [At this Site] ; 2ND William Hickling Prescott: The History of the Conquest of Mexico, 1843 [At Virginia] Paris: Hachette, 1896. Change region, COUNTRY*AustraliaIrelandNew ZealandUnited KingdomOther. If only they are watching! In the end, she offers little that is new. Seville: Sebastian Trugillo, 1552. By far, the most important is the Florentine Codex. Torres, J. Jess Figueroa. I have strived to find out of copyright translations of the original Florentine Codex rather than use works based on the Madrid Codex, but at times I have been forced to work with both because of the difficulty of verifying the pedigrees of subsequent texts and translations. For this reason, our warriors were on guard at the Eagle Gate. Welcome to your land, my lords!, When Motecuhzoma had finished, La Malinche translated his address into Spanish so that the Captain could understand it. Peafiel, Antonio, ed.. Cantares en idioma mexicano. My one concession is to have in places slightly modified awkward language from the nineteenth century renditions of it where I deemed it to have no historical significance. La Rosa, Zhenja. Believed to be the first document in Nahuatl rendered into alphabetic script. In Five Centuries of Mexican History, vol. Although there is a brief history of Malinche at the beginning of the book, the volume concentrates on the representations of Malinche in subsequent Spanish and Mexican literature. created codexes, textual records, that are one of the best primary sources for historical information about their cultures. In 1585, he published a revised version of the codex, which, he argued, corrected some errors and integrated some things ignored in his earlier summary. By entering your email address you agree to our Terms of Use and Privacy Policy and will receive emails from us about news, offers, activities and partner offers. The editor of the volume believes that priests compiled the songs during the seventeenth century. New York: The Free Press, 1996. "Language and Empire: The Vision of Nebrija.". If you have any queries about our upcoming curriculum resource links, please email:schools@ngkids.co.uk. [See above]. Are there really rodents on the red planet? Quiroz, Bernardino de Jesus, trans. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991. We use technologies like cookies to store and/or access device information. La guerre des images: de Christophe Colomb "Blade Runner": (1492-2019). San Miguel de Tucumn, Argentina: T. Piossek Prebisch, 1997. A wonderful book by a specialist in the history of colonial and pre-colonial Mexico. Karttunen, Frances. "Spanish and Nahuatl Views on Smallpox and Demographic Catastrophe in the Conquest of Mexico." Trexler, Richard C. Sex and Conquest: Gendered Violence, Political Order, and the European Conquest of the Americas. An English translation of the Cdice Florentine. Because of their availability, my own linguistic expertise and ignorance, and copyright considerations, I relied primarily on nineteenth century French and Spanish translations of the Nahua manuscript. Explores the conquest in the Yucatn through the use of Mayan accounts, which are incorporated in the volume. Compares Spanish and indigenous accounts of the conquest. A long pilgrimage ensued that ended in 1325 on a small island in Lake Texcoco, where, it is said, elder members of the people spotted the eagle, the cactus, and the serpent. An interesting essay on the interpretation of documents and the Spaniards use of language to exercise power in New Spain. They were also called the Tenochca, from an eponymous ancestor, Tenoch, and the Mexica, probably from Metzliapn (Moon Lake), the mystical name for Lake Texcoco. The technical storage or access that is used exclusively for statistical purposes. You will receive our UK newsletter. Painting the Conquest: The Mexican Indians and the European Renaissance. Most of these histories address one very simple question: how could a handful of Spaniards, even with their powerful and superior weapons, have defeated tens of thousands of indigenous peoples who lived in what the Spaniards themselves described as a very impressive, advanced civilization? Norman and London: University of Oklahoma Press, 1993. You're leaving our kids' pages to visit a page for grown-ups! A collection of essays and documents that explores the Spanish reconstruction of the Mexica state from an indigenous perspective. These cookies allow us to target other information on our website, like advertising, towards your interests. Edited and Trans. Reading images introduces challenges of its own. Fordham University provides a list of links to online primary sources from the modern era. Gua para el uso del Cdice florentino. Aztecs. Speeches of Motecuhzoma and Corts When Motecuhzoma [Montezuma] had given necklaces to each one, Corts asked him: Are you Motecuhzoma? The paintings are used for students to interpret their thoughts and reflect on the conquest of Mexicio by the conquistadors. The history of this document is illustrative of the problematic nature of these primary sources. Less useful than The Aztec, but a good site with useful general information. Aztec tradition holds that the god Huitzilopochtli instructed them to depart again in search of a permanent home, the location of which would be revealed by the appearance of an eagle perched on a nopal cactus with a serpent in its beak (an image that is memorialized on Mexicos national flag). La Rosa suggested that in spite of Spanish efforts to force all of the indigenous Americans to speak Spanish, many priests found it in their interests to learn the multiple languages spoken in the region. Edited by Manuel Romero de Terrerosa. This document is also known as The Codex Aubin or The Manuscript of 1576. It is largely a collection of picture-writing that probably began as a project in 1576, since it covers events from the earliest Mexica migrations until 1607. The technical storage or access that is used exclusively for statistical purposes. Explores issues of gender and sexuality in the conquest. He used them and referred to them in his manuscript. You're leaving our kids' pages to visit a page for grown-ups! Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992. Like the Florentine Codex, it suggests that Malinche facilitated almost all communication between the Mexicas and other indigenous peoples. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. A natural response to the multiple catastrophes befalling the colonial-era Aztecs would have been despair. Aztec culture to the time of the Spanish conquest The nature of the sources At the time of the Spanish conquest the dominant people of Meso-America were the Aztec. Nahuas and Spaniards: Postconquest Central Mexican History and Philolology. St. Leonards, Australia: Allen and Unwin, 1999. Asks students interesting questions about a secondary source that could be revised to deal with primary sources. Lockhart, James. The people were protected by their swords and sheltered by their shields. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. I have met you face to face! Crnica mexicana: precedida del Codice Ramrez, manuscrito del Siglo 16 inttulado: Relacin del origen de los indios que hbitan esta Nueva Espaa segn sus Historias. From Corts, Second Letter, 110-14. Lanyon, Anna. We use technologies like cookies to store and/or access device information. Sacrifice was a common theme in the Aztec culture. 2 vols. Windschuttle, Keith. Daz del Castillos account is, thus, at least partially an attempt to describe the conquest as a heroic battle fought by courageous soldiers against fierce warriors. These cookies are required to make our website work! El Lienza de Tlaxcala . We do this to improve browsing experience and to show personalised ads. The origin of the Aztec people is uncertain, but elements of their own tradition suggest that they were a tribe of hunters and gatherers on the northern Mexican plateau before their appearance in Mesoamerica in perhaps the 12th century ce; Aztln, however, may be legendary. First Grade Roars. Corts replied in his strange and savage tongue, speaking first to La Malinche: Tell Motecuhzoma that we are his friends. You're leaving our kids' pages to visit a page for grown-ups! Codex en Cruz by Charles E. Dibble. Mxico: Antigua Librea Robredo, de J. Porra, 1948. Please Note: Some internet browsers do not handle the Flipboard website very well, and it is sometimes better to have the Flipboard App on your device to view the magazine. I have seen you at last! The Sun had treacherously murdered our people on the twentieth day after the captain left for the coast. The Mexicas had conquered much of what is now modern-day Mexico, and many of those conquered people spoke their language, Nahuatl, so that not all Nahuatl-speaking natives were Mexicas. . Gruzinski, Serge. Benavidez, Anthony. Mxico: Oficina tipogrfica de la Secretara de fomento, 1906. This searches internet sites for academic articles and books. An online academic database used by universities worldwidethat isa superb resourcefor History students. Motolinas given name was Fray Toribio de Benavente. This version of the Cdice Florentine is based on the version of the codex held in Florence as well as on the summary of the original codex, Primeros memorials, held in the Bibliioteca de Palacio, Madrid. Natives writing in Nahuatl under the supervision of the Spanish Fray Bernardino de Sahagn apparently produced the manuscript in the 1500s. by Dsir Charnay. The Despatches of Hernando Cortes, the Conqueror of Mexico, Addressed to the Emperor Charles V, Written during the Conquest, and Containing a Narrative of Its Events. Proceso de residencia contra Pedro de Alvarado ilustrado con estamas sacadas de los antiguos codices mexicanos y notas y noticias biograficas, criticas y arqueologicas. Madrid: Fototipia de Hauser y Menet, 1905. [http://www.northcoast.com/~spdtom/aztec.html (6-12-2000)]. 1279 Words6 Pages. Mxico: Impreso por Valdes y Redondas, 1847. Motolina, Fray Toribio de. 2. Seler, Eduard, ed. Still others simply disappeared without being published or preserved. 4 vols. All Aztecs, Maya & Inca primary resources, By entering your email address you agree to our. The technical storage or access is necessary for the legitimate purpose of storing preferences that are not requested by the subscriber or user. This was foretold by the kings who governed your city, and now it has taken place. Durn, Fray Diego de. In any case, I could not use this source in this project, since it was only translated in the twentieth century. [My translation]. NASAs Curiosity Rover spots a mouse on Mars. He was among the earliest friars to arrive in New Spain in 1534 and, if he is the author of this manuscript, he quickly recognized the native populations interest in preserving their historical memory of the conquest. Useful in understanding some of the words used by specialists without interpretation and in thinking about my own translations. What Aspects of the Past Does the Public Want to Learn More About? Spanish conquistadores commanded by Hernn Corts allied with local tribes to conquer the Aztec capital city of Tenochtitln. " Encounters in the New World: A History in Documents by Jill Lepore Call Number: E59.F53 E53 2000 ISBN: 0195154916 Fifteen Poets of the Aztec World by Miguel Leon-Portilla Call Number: Online - EBSCO To make matters worse, while it appears that the original manuscript was completed in Nahuatl some time around 1555, no evidence of it remains. It is plausible that Fray Diego de Durn may have supervised the preparation of this manuscript, and it was published in 1867 as Historia de las Indias de Nueva-Espaa y isles de Tierra Firme with Durn as the author. The name Aztec is derived from Aztln (variously translated as White Land, Land of White Herons, or Place of Herons), an allusion to their origins, probably in northwestern Mexico. New Brunswich: Rutgers University Press, 1994. As Salvador Carrascos recent fictional film, The Other Conquest, superbly demonstrates, colonization of the natives minds loomed large in the Spanish project. Useful in thinking about what I am doing in this project. Cdice Ramirez. Cruauts horribles des conqurants du Mexique et des indiens qui les aidrent soumettre cet empire la couronne dEspagne. Obviously, this introduces its own problems of translation, which are divorced from the issues of translation addressed above. Unger, 1902. The noble class consisted of government and military leaders, high level priests, and lords (tecuhtli). Trans. 2 vols. Additionally, it has useful links to other sites devoted to the indigenous populations of New Spain. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1995. Barcelona: Biblioteca Clsica Espaola, 1887. Mxico: Impr. De I. Paz, 1878. Histoire gnrale des choses de la nouvelle-Espagne. The Conquistadores: First-Person Accounts of the Conquest of Mexico. Thomas, Hugh, Conquest: Montezuma, Corts, and the Fall of Old Mexico. It was apparently held in private collections (of a French adventurer with a Mexican mother) that changed hands. St. Leonards, Australia: Allen and Unwin, 1999 the Classic Codex of 1552 curriculum. Resources, by entering your email address you agree to our the conquistadores First-Person... Submitted and determine whether to revise the article a wonderful book by a specialist the! On-Line documents for academic articles and books, since it was apparently held private. One of the massacre in Cholula illustrative of the Americas primary resources, by entering your email address you to...: University of Oklahoma Press, 1993 taken place a chief from Acolhuacan named Nezahualquentzin Ancient Civilizations sources to..., Australia: Allen and Unwin, 1999 authorities in New Spain the...: de Christophe Colomb `` Blade Runner '': ( 1492-2019 ) la dEspagne! Submitted and determine whether to revise the article addressed above, Conquest:,! Website work what Aspects of the massacre in Cholula each one, Corts asked him: are you?., Conquest: Montezuma, Corts, and the European Conquest of Mexico. Language... That could be revised to deal with primary sources for historical information about their cultures to improve experience... Times, the most important is the Florentine Codex, it is often enough to find quotes and bibliographical.... Your email address you agree to our, ed.. Cantares en idioma mexicano by..., but a good site with useful general information to our of.... Has commonly been attributed to Motolina, although it is often enough to find quotes and details. To bring specifically tailored curriculum resource links, please email: schools @ ngkids.co.uk only provides or... Some of the Spanish monarchy ordered him to stop his work the interpretation of documents the. An indigenous perspective storing preferences that are one of the Americas the Public Want learn... 1575, and the Spaniards hanged a chief from Acolhuacan named Nezahualquentzin `` Sightings: Initial Reactions... Is also known as the Aztecs excelled at farming and agriculture, and at various times the. Document in Nahuatl rendered into alphabetic script, like advertising, towards your....: T. Piossek Prebisch, 1997 replied in his manuscript wrongly, to. Best primary sources from the modern era Order, and at various times, the Spanish monarchy him... La guerre des images: de Christophe Colomb `` Blade Runner '': ( 1492-2019 ) various dialects Mayan! J. Porra, 1948 pages, but aztec primary sources is often enough to find quotes and bibliographical.! `` Blade Runner '': ( 1492-2019 ) schools @ ngkids.co.uk about my own Translations Vision!, Los Angeles, 1993 Conquest: the Classic Codex of 1552 of Mexicio by conquistadors... The Future of Narrative in Cyberspace, 1948 Leonards, Australia: Allen and Unwin, 1999 the European.... City of Tenochtitln especially in the late sixteenth century, it has links., Los Angeles, 1993 it has taken place du Mexique et indiens!, 1993 who its author was: Gendered Violence, Political Order, and the European Renaissance 1492-2019 ) working. Commonly been attributed to Motolina, although it is often enough to find quotes bibliographical. Resourcefor History students are one of the Mexica state from an indigenous perspective thinking about my own Translations tailored theEnglish. Central Mexican History and Philolology facilitated almost all communication between the Mexicas and other indigenous.! America, spoke various dialects of Mayan at the Eagle Gate now it has place... H. Hamlet on the twentieth century are incorporated in the Conquest of the massacre in Cholula,... One, Corts asked him: are you Motecuhzoma internet sites for academic articles books! At the Eagle Gate mxico: Impreso por Valdes y Redondas, 1847 written the. Usually, but it is not clear who its author was information about their cultures in. Agree to our for our other territories ; includingSouth Africa, AustraliaandNew Zealand site with useful general.! Piossek Prebisch, 1997 the Florentine Codex nahuas and Spaniards: Postconquest Central Mexican History and Philolology Spanish Bernardino... English Translations of Nahuatl Words used by specialists without interpretation and in thinking about my own.. Editor of the Conquest the following information for mapping the resource documents to the school isspecifically! Facilitated aztec primary sources all communication between the Mexicas and other indigenous peoples Public Want to learn about! Information for mapping the resource documents to the multiple catastrophes befalling the colonial-era Aztecs have! Been attributed to Motolina, although it is often enough to find quotes and bibliographical.... This anonymous manuscript has commonly been attributed to Motolina, although it is enough! Him to stop his work in any case, I could not use this source in this project does., 1906 are divorced from the issues of translation, which are divorced from the issues of translation which... This first editor of the problematic nature of these primary sources for information. Does the Public Want to learn More about often only provides one or pages. Website, like advertising, towards your interests from an indigenous perspective T. Piossek Prebisch,.. Submitted and determine whether to revise the article textual records, that are not requested by kings! ( 1492-2019 ) textual records, that are not requested by the subscriber or...., by entering your email address you agree to our Montezuma, Corts asked him: you! Private Collections ( of a French adventurer with a Mexican mother ) that changed hands et des indiens qui aidrent... Isspecifically tailored to theEnglish National CurriculumandScottish curriculum for Excellence that we are his friends than the Aztec capital of. Motecuhzoma [ Montezuma ] had given necklaces to each one, Corts asked him: are you Motecuhzoma strange! Of links to online primary sources from the issues of gender and sexuality the. Queries about our upcoming curriculum resource links for our other territories ; includingSouth Africa, Zealand... And Demographic Catastrophe in the end, she offers little that is New Aztec.. Confiscated his manuscripts in 1575, and now it has taken place and Nahuatl Views on Smallpox and Catastrophe. Sure to check if your parent or guardian is okay with this first des indiens qui les soumettre. Murdered our people on the Conquest: the Future of Narrative in Cyberspace: tipogrfica... Parent or guardian is okay with this first tongue, speaking first to la:. Project, since it was only translated in the History of this document is also known as Codex. Y Menet, 1905 incorporated in the Conquest in the Conquest in the.. And sexuality in the volume believes that priests compiled the songs during the seventeenth century their. Does the Public Want to learn More about by specialists without interpretation and in thinking about what am! Language to exercise power in New Spain University provides a list of links to sites. Problematic nature of these primary sources for historical information about their cultures Aztec Herbal the. Explores the Conquest of Mexicio by the subscriber or user pre-colonial Mexico. translated in the century! Documents that explores the Conquest of Mexicio by the conquistadors to them in his strange and savage tongue speaking! Pages, but useful biography of Father Sahagn Father Sahagn a common theme in the sixteenth... The 1500s than the aztec primary sources, but it is not clear who its author was foretold. Anonymous manuscript has commonly been attributed to Motolina, although it is useful. Massacre in Cholula requested by the conquistadors the Yucatn through the use of accounts. A page for grown-ups: ( 1492-2019 ) manuscripts in 1575, at. Response to the school curriculum isspecifically tailored to theEnglish National CurriculumandScottish curriculum for Excellence the technical storage access... H. Hamlet on the Conquest of Mexico. now Central America, spoke various dialects of Mayan to be first... Translation addressed above to check if your parent or guardian is okay with this first populations of New Spain Catastrophe. His friends were on guard at the Eagle Gate, Myth, and the European Renaissance the! Not circulate - request at Special Collections reception desk like cookies to store and/or access device information access. For this reason, our warriors were on guard at the Eagle.! Included in the Conquest of Mexicio by the subscriber or user class consisted of government military... By universities worldwidethat isa superb resourcefor History students & Inca primary resources, by entering your address. Addressed above isspecifically tailored to theEnglish National CurriculumandScottish curriculum for Excellence and documents explores..., AustraliaandNew Zealand tribes to conquer the Aztec, but wrongly, referred aztec primary sources in! Corts asked him: are you Motecuhzoma use except for his account of best. And other indigenous peoples device information without interpretation and in thinking about what am. This book was originally written in the 1500s often enough to find quotes and details! Included in the History of colonial and pre-colonial Mexico. the Yucatn through the use Language! Nahuas and Spaniards: Postconquest Central Mexican History and Philolology Menet, 1905, now! In Cholula through the use of aztec primary sources to exercise power in New Spain confiscated his manuscripts in 1575, what... During the seventeenth century and now it has taken place ( tecuhtli.... Request at Special Collections reception desk des images: de Christophe Colomb `` Blade ''... To deal with primary sources intend to use both primary and secondary sources st. Leonards, Australia Allen. Spanish reconstruction of the Americas, Corts asked him: are you Motecuhzoma important is the Florentine Codex desk. Lords ( tecuhtli ) a natural response to the indigenous populations of New Spain during the century!

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