Empty buildings and older housing with little government or private investor support led to declining populations and social institutions throughout industrial neighborhoods. His latest publication is Closer to Heaven: Race and Diversity in Suburban America, which will appear in the Journal of Urban History in 2015. This suggests that some 8% of Philadelphia's gun violence can be attributed to gentrification destabilizing the city's illicit drug markets. San Francisco, it seems, is in a later stage of its gentrification timeline than Philadelphia. Thats typical for a gentrifying city. While they understood that a mass eviction of 69 families was planned for July 2022, it took the organizers time to gain traction and build trust with the residents. Heller, Gregory L.Ed Bacon: Planning, Politics, and the Building of Modern Philadelphia. She admits that initially she and most other residents were not involved. The rapid influx of wealthier homebuyers triggered alarming demographic changes. To achieve the transformation of the area, the City Planning Commission called for the elimination of blighted late nineteenth-century buildings and retail establishments. Attracting new residents to Philadelphia seemed like the surest way to grow the citys tax base as manufacturing jobs evaporated and suburbanization continued apace. One afternoon in 2017, a friend sent me a picture of New Light Beulah Baptist Church being demolished. Long-term residents are forced to move away from jobs and social networks. Others were more mercenary, buying and renovating abandoned shells for profit. Annabelle Williams is a sophomore in Wharton from Chester Springs, PA, studying Management and Marketing. The area around Temple University in North Philadelphia also witnessed rapid changes. There is also gentrification in other parts of West Philadelphia. Urban Renewal & Gentrification Marker. Gilmores definition of racism, the state-sanctioned or extralegal production and exploitation of group-differentiated vulnerability to premature death, is also instructive in terms of what residents and organizers are fighting against. (Author information current at time of publication.). The Save UC Townhomes movement has confronted many key architects and executors of displacement in Philadelphia. After a city-funded refurbishment effort, its Main Street began to draw young artists and boutique owners in search of a quaint, pedestrian-oriented corridor. Penns status as the largest employer in Philadelphia, its large endowment and the socioeconomic position of its students and staff complicates its existence in West Philadelphia. But tensions rose as young, mostly white, suburban-raised Temple students began to move in. I can't see how that would be positive.. W.E.B. At 78.5 percent African American in 1990, the neighborhood was less than one-third Black by 2014. He was awarded a scholarship and continued his study at the Cranbrook Academy of Art in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, later finding work in Flint, Michigan, before returning to Philadelphia and becoming director of the housing association. Residents resisted these displacement efforts as well, although ultimately the universitiesPenn, Drexel, and University of the Sciences, which is now part of Saint Josephs Universitywon out with the federal governments backing, and thousands of Black residents were dispersed to other parts of the city. Like The Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia on Facebook, Housing and Community Affairs Collections, Urban Archives, Philadelphia City Planning Commission and Philadelphia Redevelopment Authority papers, Follow The Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia on Instagram, Like The Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia on Facebook, Philadelphia, the Place that Loves You Back, Without Pa. help, Philly gentrification relief could have unintended results (WHYY, April 15, 2013), Gentrification property tax relief- for whom? There has been a huge uptick in gentrification since 2000. During the 1980s, demand for these apartments exploded, and developers scrambled to meet it. As middle-class residents returned, formerly moribund commercial corridors came alive with restaurants and shops catering to the well-heeled. All of the new housing developments are "student housing" for students attending the University . ofGreaterPhiladelphia. In the 2010s, Philadelphia began experimenting with measures designed to stem gentrifications worst effects. "The West Philadelphia Problem" asks listeners to problematize concepts like "safety" and "crime," and to interrogate the role academia has had in legitimizing these terms. The city had the power to seize land under eminent domainwhich allowed them to dice the community with the aim of making West Philly a satisfactory residential community and helping it to fulfill its potential as a center of private research.. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2005. As part of the construction process, thirty-one acres of houses and commercial buildings were razed to provide enough space for the redevelopment project, forcing hundreds of individuals and merchants to relocate. Other gentrifying cities experimented with inclusionary zoning, which ensured new projects would include a percentage of affordable units. Their city had just bombed its own people. What sets gentrification in Philadelphia apart is that the effected neighborhoods aren't always black. For example, when the university partnered with the school district to fund Penn Alexander Elementary in 2001, 57% of the students in its catchment area were African American; as of 2021, Black students represented less than 17% of the student body. In 2013, there were still 4,000 buildings and over 10,000 lots sitting empty in Lower Northeast Philadelphia. Philadelphia Housing Action, for its part, has worked to decommodify housing by experimenting with collective ownership, Johnson said in an interview on the Millennials Are Killing Capitalism podcast, attempting to remove properties from the unrelenting throes of the housing market. The building of bridges across the Schuylkill River further promoted development, including that of hospitals and other benevolent institutions. Pei-designed modernist residential towers. The gentrification of drug blocks specifically, as opposed to all gentrifying blocks in Philadelphia, accounted for roughly 2,400 additional shootings during the 10 years of his study. (WHYY, December 18, 2013), Mapping gentrification in Philly by tracking permits (WHYY, February 21, 2014), 'Challenges and opportunities' of gentrification discussed at weekend forum in Germantown (WHYY, April 28, 2014), Selling gentrification to neighbors of the old West Philadelphia High School building (WHYY, June 19, 2014), Gentrifying Philadelphia (WHYY, June 8, 2015), Point Breeze neighbors, beer garden developer at 'lagerheads' over collision of old and new (WHYY, July 23, 2015), Path out of gentrifying Philly neighborhoods just as likely to lead up as down, study finds (WHYY, October 15, 2105), Philadelphia City Council votes to extend 'gentrification protection' program (WHYY, March 18, 2016), Veteran says military gave him the strength to stand up to gentrification (WHYY, August 29, 2016), Philadelphia's disappearing low-cost rental housing revealed in Fed gentrification study (PlanPhilly, December 21, 2016), Exploring the past, future of Philly neighborhoods during annual Jane's Walk (WHYY, May 6, 2017), West Philly gentrification means upheaval for these longtime residents (WHYY, May 11, 2017), Pop-up exhibit in Philly's Kensington neighborhood puts focus on gentrification (WHYY, June 6, 2017), Uncertain future as Puerto Rican community faces gentrification in Norris Square (Al Dia via WHYY, December 16, 2019), Central Philadelphia Development Corporation, The City that Might Have Been: Edmund Bacon's Philadelphia (PhillyHistory.org), Philadelphia's Changing Neighborhoods: Gentrification and other shifts since 2000 (Pew Charitable Trusts), Manayunk: A Place to Drink (PhillyHistory.org), The Problems and the Promise: Gentrification in Philadelphia (Philly.com), 50 Years of Gentrification: A Timeline (NextCity.org, December 2014), Redevelopment & Preservation (Philadelphia: The Great Experiment), Form, Design, and the City (1962) (Philadelphia Department of Records), Renewal and Gentrification in Philadelphia (Philadelphia: The Great Experiment), Dock Street's Transformation Into Society Hill (Philadelphia: The Great Experiment), Uprooting Philadelphians (Philadelphia: The Great Experiment), Urban Renewal (Philadelphia: The Great Experiment), How Gentrification Can Affect Your Credit Score (Next City, October 23, 2015), Gentrification without Displacement (Philadelphia Coalition for Affordable Places, Spring 2015), These 5 Neighborhood Maps Show Roots of Gentrification (Next City), Three Maps that Explain Gentrification in Philadelphia (Plan Philly). By the late 1980s, Manayunks Main Street boasted dozens of new shops, bars, and restaurants, many housed in refurbished historic buildings. Dr. Walter Palmer, a native of the Black Bottom and lecturer at the Penn Graduate School of Social Policy and Practice, went away to law school in the late 1960s. Students started another encampment at Penn, demanding the university divest from fossil fuels, stop the eviction of Townhomes residents, and make payments in lieu of taxes (PILOTS) to the school district. Penn has just recently begun to acknowledge the history of urban upheaval its caused. An average row house costing $7,400 in the 1960s sold for over twenty times that amount in 1990. Especially since, as Ella puts it, theres a kind of feedback loop of gentrifiers complain[ing] about gentrification without acknowledging that they're complicit., When asked what Penn owes to the communities it inhabits, Phil talks for a while before pausing to take a deep breath: It just owes them their space.. West Philadelphia has been called many names over the years. In the West Philadelphia area around Mantua, gentrification is a constant, looming concern. East Mount Airy is a neighborhood in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania with a population of 21,236. The gentrification of drug blocks specifically, as opposed to all gentrifying blocks in Philadelphia, accounted for roughly 2,400 additional shootings during the 10 years of his study. On . Phyllis Dennis (C 76), then a PVDA employee, recalls the meeting, saying that Penns representatives brought in a massive map covered in blue and red pins, which represented planned university development both on and offcampus. Study: Philly's gentrifying neighborhoods are resegregating. Gentrification doesn't erase drug crime and gun violence. Universities and hospitals, which could not move their operations out of the city, fueled this growth. Thats what happened in other situations, Johnson recently said in an interview on Kelly Hayes Movement Memos podcast. Gillette, Howard. The apartments had modern amenities and views unavailable to people who purchased a historic row house in Society Hill. Philadelphia: Neighborhoods, Division, and Conflict in a Postindustrial City. In the ensuing decades, Society Hill became a touchstone for supporters and detractors of gentrification. Hundreds of crumbling row houses were renovatedfirst by urban homesteaders, then by enterprising developers. The Preservation Alliance for Greater Philadelphia, under President Paul Steinke, often crosses paths with Penn and Drexel. As would become common in subsequent renewal projects, a coalition of public organizations, local and federal governments, and private investors worked together to remake Society Hill. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013. And no one can question the rapidity with which its occurring. He is the co-host and producer of the podcast Millennials Are Killing Capitalism. He described how he was able to find his way as a young immigrant from Jamaica decades ago thanks to the ease of access, and painted a picture of the organic security. Townhomes residents have been able to provide for the communitys children. One 1978 study estimated that real estate taxes in Queen Village had increased almost 300 percent since the start of the decade. Yet by the turn of the twenty-first century, things were changing rapidly in DuBois Seventh Ward. So that is worth fighting for. Gentrification is generally good. As the nearby blocks of Queen Village saw large investments from city organizations to restore houses and raise property values, Southwark Plaza apartment buildings had broken elevators, limited electricity, and a trash-filled landscape. The most comprehensive, authoritative reference source ever created for the Philadelphia region. In 1970, the neighborhood was nearly 50 percent Black. Three weeks after the encampment was dismantled came the disruption of Penns freshman convocation, bringing even more Penn students into the movement. He mentions the Pennovation Center, housed in an old DuPontowned paint factory. At the same time, other historical features were sacrificed in the name of development. As more creative class consumers moved to the neighborhood, they were followed by cafes and bars that catered to their bohemian tastes. This article was originally published at Prism. (Photograph by Donald D. Groff for the Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia.). DuBois seminal 1899 work of urban sociology, The Philadelphia Negro, catalogued the lives and labors of those living in the predominantly African-American Seventh Warda narrow rectangular strip that spanned the southern edge of Center City Philadelphia, from the Schuylkill River on the west to Sixth Street on the east. Gentrification, by definition, is the process of renovating and improving a house or district to appeal to the middle class. You can get a sandwich and a bag of chips for three dollars.. In academics and activism, gentrification is understood as the displacement of a lower-income community in terms of demographic and economic changes. Protect Squirrel Hill, a coalition of neighbors in the Squirrel Hill area of West Philadelphia, rallied April 3 against a proposed luxury apartment building. A neighborhood group in Philadelphia is asking opponents of a proposed apartment building to mail in poop samples as part of a study on how gentrification impacts cancer rates. Gentrification had become a policy problem necessitating a public response. Dennis witnessed one of the earliest unveilings of Penns Landscape Development Plan of 1977. Fighting Gentrification in West Philadelphia. While LOOP promised some relief for homeowners, maintaining the diversity of revitalizing neighborhoods remained a challenge. South Street, its once-bustling commercial thoroughfare, lost customers to suburban shopping malls. Many uprooted residents resettled elsewhere in the citysome moving to adjoining neighborhoods still awaiting rehabilitation, some following cheaper rents to inner-ring suburbs. Ella is critical of her former school, and how she thinks it serves the University and its facultys families more than unaffiliated West Philly residents. Penn Alexander receives operating contribution of $1330 per student from the university, in addition to staffing and teaching assistance from Penns Graduate School of Education. Housing activists, university students, and residents have staged protests and encampments to defend low-income housing in UC Townhomes, PHILADELPHIA, PA - APRIL 30: Protestors march over the death of Freddie Gray on April 30, 2015 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Penns Civic House sponsored an urban studies class (URBS 178) on universitycommunity relations that addresses the schools difficult history with its surroundings. From blocked off construction sites to high-rises and medical centers towering over generations-old brownstones, gentrification can be seen everywhere. The land finally came under redevelopment after the Toll Brothers purchased the land in 2013 to construct condominiums. For many Philadelphians, the 60s and 70s made evident Penns active role in spreading gentrification outward from campus. A 2014 study by the Philadelphia Federal Reserve neighborhood change also cites an approximately 20% drop in affordable housing in Philadelphia from 20002014. In the Old City section of Center City Philadelphia, H.O. Penn, unbeknownst to renters, created the blight it needed, Dr. Palmer explained. Homesteaders and developers were encouraged to renovate the neighborhoods row houses themselves. The Netter Center offers ABCS (Academically Based Community Service) courses in which students can interact with the surrounding community. For years, the extant Black, Polish, and Jewish communities had mobilized to thwart the plan. Black Citymakers: How The Philadelphia Negro Changed Urban America. This image from 1973 shows the house while the interior was still under construction. Sterling Johnson, an organizer with Philadelphia Housing Action, recalls a small meeting last fall with Gerald Sid Bolling from the Black Bottom Tribe that included some residents. This "process" is very dangerous as it has a notorious reputation of displacing old residents and creating terrible living situations for those it has not displaced. He also confirmed Penns involvement in a new mixeduse development in the 4600 block of Pine Street. Revitalization efforts across the city included redeveloping older factories for new purposes. While the emotional toll brought upon those displaced is immeasurable, researchers have calculated that alongside a general decrease . New York: Routledge, 1996. By 1980, the University of Pennsylvania was the citys largest private employer. These land seizures, coupled with the 1963 construction of the University City Science Center, fractured the community. Older Penn alums may never have ventured West of 41st Street Penn students now regularly grab drinks at Local 44 at 43rd St. and Spruce or brunch at The Farmacy at 44th. Penn professors benefit from Penns Home Ownership Services, which helps Penn faculty and staff apply for closing cost assistance for home purchasing and funds towards home improvement. This incentivizes university affiliates to buy property in the area, and to send their kids to school in the district. In doing so, it prompted the mass displacement of the neighborhoods poorer residents. What good are HBCUs if they mirror the anti-Blackness of the US? In the 1970s, these investors sought to differentiate the area from the rest of South Philadelphia by renaming it Queen Village.. Many of the large buildings that once held noisy equipment, hundreds of workers, and stored products were refurbished as industrial neighborhoods developed a new identity. Each of the next five decennial censuses (1970, 1980, 1990, 2000, 2010) would show the steadily increasing, dominant share of West Philadelphia's population represented by blacks. Its now down to 42,000. The Gothic brick building at 47th Street that used to house West Philadelphia High School has been repurposed into West Lofts, whose marketrate apartments run from $995 for a studio to $2430 for a threebedroom. Manayunk (/ m n j k / MAN--yunk) is a neighborhood in the section of Lower Northwest Philadelphia in the state of Pennsylvania.Located adjacent to the neighborhoods of Roxborough and Wissahickon and also on the banks of the Schuylkill River, Manayunk contains the first canal begun in the United States (although not the first completed, due to budget problems). UCity is just a marketing scheme.. Is Philadelphia a gentrification? Philadelphia, like other Rust Belt cities, slowly started its transition from an industrial city to a postindustrial city. By May 20, 2016. Yet even in the midst of this apparent nadir, there were glimmers of hope. According to his attorney, Gray died a week later in the hospital from a severe spinal cord injury he received while in police custody. As more artists and young professional moved into the neighborhood, the Manayunk Development Corporation created a mixture of public programming to cater to the new audience. Studies have linked gentrification to a number of health problems for longterm neighborhood residents. Unable to meet the costs of renovation, long-term residentsmany African Americanwere forced to sell their historic properties. He . Residents of neighborhoods undergoing the most rapid changes watched as their longstanding social networks evaporated. They lost their safety, their support systems.. The city filled in Dock Creek in 1784 and paved the new land with stones, creating Dock Street. As in Society Hill and Queen Village, the gentrification of Graduate Hospital triggered striking demographic changes. After World War II, suburbanization exploded. With their artistic connotations, these post-industrial spaces attracted white-collar workers looking for a taste of bohemian lifestyle. The protesters, including students, chanted Save UC Townhomes and stop Penn-trification. After sitting briefly, Magill attempted to continue, making the disrespectful suggestion to the protesters, among whom were local residents facing eviction, that Democracy cannot work unless people can live together, learn from one another and, paradoxically, disagree. Amid continuous chants, Magill was unable to finish her remarks. For the most part, Penn is now a good steward of the neighborhoods it inhabits, he explains. It was joined by the Greater Philadelphia Movement (GPM), a nonprofit organization founded in 1948 by area businessmen. Gentrification has been rapidly encroaching upon low-income Black communities nationwide, and has been running rampant in North Philadelphia for the past 15 years. After decades of slow economic decline from the loss of industrial mills and manufacturing plants, Philadelphia officials offered tax incentives to small businesses and property owners in Manayunk during the 1980s to spur redevelopment and bring more middle-class residents into the area. In the 2010s, Philadelphia tried to strike an equilibrium between development and stasis, renewal and disruption, gentrification and decay. Where is gentrification happening the most? This image from 1914 shows the Fish Market building, an enclosed warehouse that sold fresh fish from dozens of merchants. Methodology & Disclaimers The poverty rate in Philadelphia as of 2019 was 23.3%, 13 percentage points above the U.S. national rate of 10.5%. Developed alongside people on the frontlines of injustice, Prism will help deepen your understanding on the most pressing issues of our time. However, due to political and financial disagreements, Bacons vision was never realized. Dylan Gottlieb is a Ph.D. student at Princeton University, where he works on recent American urban history. To him, its untouched by the tentacles of development, a community similar to West Philly 20 years ago. But neither was it entirely unwelcome. New groups and institutions inundate an area and push out those who lived there before. Real estate prices soon reflected this surge in demand. For the first of three mapping layers, the city's Bureau of Planning and Sustainability (BPS) used . On South Street, the Theatre of the Living Arts put on avant-garde works under artistic director Andre Gregory. Soon after, Penn moved westward. In buying up properties in the Black Bottom en masse and then having landlords evict longtime residents, they made space for the nowprimarily commercial development on Market Street. Rising housing costs in gentrifying neighborhoods exact real costs in the lives of Philadelphia families. By spurring renovation and elevating housing values, gentrification broadened the citys tax base. Initially, newcomers and old-time residents found common cause, coming together to fight the long-planned Cross Town Expressway that would have leveled South Street in an effort to attract suburban commuters back to the city. With the rapid loss of human and monetary resources in the central city and the expansion of wealthier, primarily white suburbs, the stage had been set for gentrification in Greater Philadelphia. To assist working-class residents near Southwark who could not afford the increased costs of living in the newly gentrified neighborhood, the Philadelphia Housing Authority in the late 1960s built three apartment buildings, named the Southwark Plaza, along Washington Avenue between Third and Fifth Streets. The decline and relocation of the shipping industryon which the neighborhoods longshoremen dependedonly worsened its economic woes. This was a rare type of coalition: cross-class and multiracial, gentrifiers allied with the existing population to reject the destruction of modernist city planning. In the 1990s, young urban professionals flocked to the area. The Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia. The University City Townhomes has provided affordable housing for nearly 40 years. Or does it help low-income communities? It all comes down, in the end, to money. This resurgence was fueled by a demographic upheaval which found baby boomers, new immigrants, and young college graduates choosing cities over suburbs. Inscription. Factors that had once driven people away from citiestheir density, their older housing stock, the presence of ethnic and racial minoritiesnow drew them back to the urban core. Philadelphia did not become the international stage as Bacon had hoped. It succeeded in upgrading real estate values but also faced criticism from long-established residents. By 1990, that figure had fallen to 20 percent. 2. But, Dr. Palmer says, the people went everywhere. Does it push long-time residents out in favor of the highest bidder? Hunter, Marcus Anthony. The area of the Dock Street Market in Society Hill was a place of commerce for more than two centuries before it was demolished in 1959 to allow construction of the residential Society Hill Towers. In recent years, a number of Philadelphia neighborhoods have undergone significant transformation, with higher-income residents moving in, real estate prices rising, new businesses . Its stated aim was to make Penn reasonable, alive, and healthy once again. Artists, too, moved into vacant row houses and commercial spaces, which offered them ample space to pursue their craft. Sign up for our newsletter to get updates that make you think and actdirectly to your inbox. Like many Philadelphia neighborhoods that experienced a middle-class influx, rising rents and tax assessments made life increasingly difficult for poorer residents. And while that goal might have seemed outlandish to many in the winter of 2021, it seems quite possible now. In a plan for a safer, vibrant 52nd Street, worried West Philly neighbors see gentrification looming Angst is roiling minority neighborhoods as they struggle to balance the opportunities and the threats created by gentrification. Its market value is listed as more than $9.5 million, according to the city's website. May 10, 2017. Streetwise: Race, Class, and Change in an Urban Community. Many were put off by their new neighbors perceived unfriendliness or condescension. Rasheda Alexander, a resident council member at the development, remembers seeing a few organizers tabling near the parking lot on weekends in the winter. Both Alexander and Johnson attest that constant meetings and forcing the owner to extend the HUD contract multiple times has been stressful on the residents. These arrivistes chose to live inand work to renewa historic and diverse part of the city. I was deeply saddened. Phil Tedros (C 20) lived in the Southwest Philly neighborhood of Eastwick prior to coming to Penn. This photograph from 2009 shows Main Street filled with shoppers during the Manayunk Arts Festival, an annual event that brings together hundreds of artists and tens of thousands of visitors. That demonstrated to other residents that fighting back could be effective. WHYY story by Katie Colaneri. But nobody could deny the effectiveness of the organizing, which has forced the property owner to extend its contract with HUD again, this time until the end of December. Architect I.M. The blocks surrounding Dock Street continued to be popular in the nineteenth century, as hundreds of merchants established distribution warehouses and sidewalk storefronts to sell a variety of food to other Philadelphia businesses and individuals. Solutions are proposed including providing. For every new town house built in Graduate Hospital or Queen Village, scores of crumbling row houses were demolished in Nicetown and Kensington. In 2020, Philadelphia Housing Action was part of the core of another dynamic housing struggle in the city. After the Old Philadelphia Development Corporation purchased the property around Dock Street in 1959, many of the remaining merchants moved to the Food Distribution Center in South Philadelphia. As industrial jobs evaporated, Greater Philadelphias institutional service sector expanded. The Black Bottom is a historically Black community . Its one of the few places where folks who are on public housing vouchers can still access things like public transportation, a public library, medical care, markets, local stores, and other essential amenities with relative ease, said Davids. During the late-nineteenth and twentieth centuries, newly built suburbs outside of Center City intensified these divisions. In effect, Penn undermined its own efforts to serve its proximate community, by replacing residents with more of their own. That's typical for a gentrifying city. New buildings could reflect modern architectural styles and the owner's tastes, as long as the designs were approved by the Philadelphia Redevelopment Authority. Leon Tyer has lived at Penn Wynn House in the Wynnefield neighborhood of West Philadelphia for six years with the help of a federal voucher program that helps low-income people living with HIV/AIDS pay rent. From 1997 to 2007, the median price of a single-family home rose from $86,000 to $275,000. Further from the booming downtown, neighborhoods continued to suffer from abandonment and decay. On Sept. 29, just minutes into freshman convocation, Liz Magill's first . , suburban-raised Temple students began to move away from jobs and social institutions throughout industrial neighborhoods gentrification in west philadelphia this... 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Values but also faced criticism from long-established residents looking for a taste of bohemian lifestyle groups and institutions an... Spurring renovation and elevating housing values, gentrification can be seen everywhere and developers encouraged. The district, Politics, and developers were encouraged to gentrification in west philadelphia the neighborhoods row houses were demolished Nicetown! Came under redevelopment after the Toll Brothers purchased the land finally came redevelopment. Minutes into freshman convocation, Liz Magill & # x27 ; t erase drug and! Included redeveloping older factories for new purposes shopping malls operations out of the US Save UC Townhomes movement confronted... Older factories for new purposes activism, gentrification broadened the citys tax.! Meet the costs of renovation, long-term residentsmany African Americanwere forced to move in Postindustrial city gentrification in west philadelphia difficult history its! 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